Key Pointers:
- Jaundice causes yellowing of the skin and eyes due to a buildup of bilirubin.
- It is often a sign of underlying liver, gallbladder, or bile duct problems.
- Common causes include hepatitis, fatty liver, gallstones, or bile duct blockage.
- Blood tests and imaging can help identify the cause.
- Early diagnosis is key to managing complications effectively.
What Exactly Is Jaundice?
Jaundice is not a disease on its own but a visible sign of a problem in the liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts. It happens when there’s too much bilirubin, a yellow pigment formed when red blood cells break down, building up in the body.
Normally, bilirubin passes through the liver, mixes with bile, and leaves the body through stool. But when this process is disrupted, the pigment stays in the bloodstream and causes the skin, eyes, and even urine to turn yellowish.
What Liver Problems Can Cause Jaundice?
When the liver can’t process bilirubin properly, jaundice often follows. Several liver-related conditions may be responsible:
- Hepatitis – Inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections (hepatitis A, B, or C), alcohol, or certain medications. It can make the liver less efficient in filtering waste.
- Fatty Liver Disease – Excess fat buildup in the liver can lead to inflammation and scarring, slowing down bilirubin processing.
- Cirrhosis – Scarring from long-term liver damage (often due to alcohol, viral hepatitis, or chronic fatty liver) interferes with normal liver function.
In early stages, these conditions may cause mild fatigue or appetite loss, but jaundice is often what prompts people to seek medical care.
Can Gallbladder or Bile Duct Problems Lead to Jaundice?
Yes. Sometimes, the liver is working fine, but bile flow gets blocked along the way. This blockage prevents bilirubin from exiting the body, leading to jaundice.
Common causes include:
- Gallstones – Hardened deposits in the gallbladder that can slip into the bile duct and block bile flow.
- Bile Duct Obstruction – Caused by narrowing, infection, or growths pressing on the bile ducts.
- Pancreatic Conditions – Tumours or inflammation in the pancreas may also press against the bile duct, leading to obstruction.
When jaundice is due to a blockage, patients may also notice pale stools, dark urine, or itching, signs that bile is not reaching the intestines.
How Do Doctors Find Out the Cause?
Because jaundice has many possible causes, doctors use a step-by-step approach to pinpoint the problem.
Common investigations include:
- Blood tests (liver function tests) to check bilirubin levels and liver enzymes.
- Ultrasound scan to detect gallstones, bile duct blockage, or liver changes.
- CT scan or MRI for detailed imaging when the cause is unclear.
- Endoscopic procedures (ERCP) may be used to remove gallstones or relieve bile duct obstruction if needed.
Identifying the exact cause helps determine the safest and most effective treatment plan.
How Are These Conditions Treated?
Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying condition rather than jaundice itself.
- Viral hepatitis – Managed with antiviral or supportive therapy, depending on the type.
- Fatty liver disease – Lifestyle changes such as diet, exercise, and reducing alcohol intake are key.
- Gallstones or bile duct blockage – May require minimally invasive surgery (keyhole cholecystectomy) or endoscopic procedures to clear the obstruction.
- Cirrhosis – Requires ongoing monitoring and management to slow disease progression and prevent complications.
With proper diagnosis and timely care, many liver and gallbladder conditions can be managed effectively before serious damage occurs.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Is jaundice always a sign of liver disease? Not always. Jaundice can result from liver inflammation, bile duct blockage, or even blood disorders that increase bilirubin production.
- Can jaundice go away on its own? It depends on the cause. Mild cases related to temporary liver irritation may resolve, but persistent jaundice always needs medical evaluation.
- What foods should I avoid if I have jaundice? It’s best to limit alcohol, fried foods, and processed meals. A balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports liver recovery.
- When should I see a doctor for yellowing of the skin or eyes? You should see a doctor as soon as jaundice appears, especially if it’s accompanied by abdominal pain, fatigue, or unexplained weight loss. Early diagnosis prevents complications.
- Can gallstones cause jaundice without pain? Yes. Some stones may block bile ducts silently, causing jaundice without typical gallstone pain. Imaging tests can help detect these cases.
Key Takeaways
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- Jaundice in adults often points to issues in the liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts.
- Common causes include hepatitis, fatty liver, gallstones, and bile duct obstruction.
- Diagnostic tests such as liver function tests and imaging help determine the exact cause.
- Treatment targets the underlying condition, not the symptom itself.
- Prompt medical attention improves outcomes and reduces risks.
Concerned About Jaundice or Liver Symptoms?
If you’ve noticed yellowing of your eyes or skin, or are experiencing unexplained fatigue or abdominal discomfort, it’s important to get evaluated.
Book a consultation with Dr Lee Lip Seng at LS Lee Surgery Clinic to understand what’s behind your symptoms and discuss safe, evidence-based options for diagnosis and treatment.
Dr Lee is a Senior Consultant Surgeon specialising in the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, hernia, and general surgery. Together, you can find the right care pathway for your liver and gallbladder health.
